Credit reports are compilations of account histories, balances, and public records assembled by consumer reporting agencies. They’re not perfect — errors happen due to mistaken identity, data-entry mistakes, or problems when accounts transfer between vendors. Because many lenders rely on these reports to price loans and underwriting decisions, a single incorrect late payment or balance can meaningfully affect outcomes. When you spot a potential error, the wise first step is to pause and gather documentation: account statements, payment confirmations, and any written communications that support your view. From there, a written dispute to the credit bureau (and a simultaneous contact to the original creditor) creates a documented trail and forces the bureau to investigate. This protects you from accidentally paying incorrect amounts and gives clear grounds for correction if the item is wrong. The question below asks which first action is most appropriate when you find a probable error on your report.